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Project Gutenberg's Encyclopedia, vol. 1 ( A - Andropha

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Harvard in 1872, and that of D.D. from Edinburgh in 1884. . He 
died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the 21st of March 1884. 

See S. J. Barrows, Ezra Abbot (Cambridge, Mass., 1884). 

ABBOT, GEORGE (1562-1633), English divine, archbishop of 
Canterbury, was born on the 19th of October 1562, at Guildford in 
Surrey, where his father was a cloth-worker.  He studied, and 
then taught, at Balliol College, Oxford, was chosen master of 
University College in 1597, and appointed dean of Winchester in 
1600.  He was three times vice-chancellor of the university, 
and took a leading part in preparing the authorized version 
of the New Testament.  In 1608 he went to Scotland with the 
earl of Dunbar to arrange for a union between the churches 
of England and Scotland.  He so pleased the king (James 
I.) in this affair that he was made bishop of Lichfield and 
Coventry in 1609, was translated to the see of London a month 
afterwards, and in less than a year was raised to that of 
Canterbury.  His puritan instincts frequently led him not 
only into harsh treatment of Roman Catholics, but also into 
courageous resistance to the royal will, e.g. when he 
opposed the scandalous divorce suit of the Lady Frances Howard 
against the earl of Essex, and again in 1618 when, at Croydon, 
he forbade the reading of the declaration permitting Sunday 
sports.  He was naturally, therefore, a promoter of the match 
between the elector palatine and the Princess Elizabeth, 
and a firm opponent of the projected marriage of the prince 
of Wales with the infanta of Spain.  This policy brought 
upon him the hatred of Laud (with whom he had previously 
come into collision at Oxford) and the court, though the 
king himself never forsook him.  In 1622, while hunting in 
Lord Zouch's park at Bramshill, Hampshire, a bolt from his 
cross-bow aimed at a deer happened to strike one of the 
keepers, who died within an hour, and Abbot was so greatly 
distressed by the event that he fell into a state of settled 
melancholy.  His enemies maintained that the fatal issue of 
this accident disqualified him for his office, and argued 
that, though the homicide was involuntary, the sport of 
hunting which had led to it was one in which no clerical 
person could lawfully indulge.  The king had to refer the 
matter to a commission of ten, though he said that ``an angel 
might have miscarried after this sort.'' The commission was 
equally divided, and the king gave a casting vote in the 
archbishop's favour, though signing also a formal pardon or 
dispensation.  After this the archbishop seldom appeared 
at the council, chiefly on account of his infirmities.  He 
attended the king constantly, however, in his last illness, 
and performed the ceremony of the coronation of Charles I. 
His refusal to license the assize sermon preached by Dr Robert 
Sibthorp at Northampton on the 22nd of February 1626-1627, in 
which cheerful obedience was urged to the king's demand for a 
general loan, and the duty proclaimed of absolute non-resistance 
even to the most arbitrary royal commands, led Charles to 
deprive him of his functions as primate, putting them in 
commission.  The need of summoning parliament, however, 
soon brought about a nominal restoration of the archbishop's 
powers.  His presence being unwelcome at court, he lived 
from that time in retirement, leaving Laud and his party in 
undisputed ascendancy.  He died at Croydon on the 5th of August 
1633, and was buried at Guildford, his native place, where 
he had endowed a hospital with lands to the value of L. 300 a 
year.  Abbot was a conscientious prelate, though narrow in view 
and often harsh towards both separatists and Romanists.  He 
wrote a large number of works, the most interesting being his 
discursive Exposition on the Prophet Jonah (1600), which was 
reprinted in 1845.  His Geography, or a Brief Description 
of the Whole World (1599), passed through numerous editions. 

The best account of him is in S. R. Gardiner's History of England. 

ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648), English writer, known as ``The 
Puritan,'' has been oddly and persistently mistaken for 
others.  He has been described as a clergyman, which he never 
was, and as son of Sir Morris (or Maurice) Abbot, and his 
writings accordingly entered in the bibliographical authorities 
as by the nephew of the archbishop of Canterbury.  One of the 
sons of Sir Morris Abbot was, indeed, named George, and he 
was a man of mark, but the more famous George Abbot was of a 
different family altogether.  He was son or grandson (it is 
not clear which) of Sir Thomas Abbot, knight of Easington, 
East Yorkshire, having been born there in 1603--1604, 
his mother (or grandmother) being of the ancient house of 
Pickering.  Of his early life and training nothing is 
known.  He married a daughter of Colonel Purefoy of Caldecote, 
Warwickshire, and as his monument, which may still be seen 
in the church there, tells, he bravely held the manor house 
against Princes Rupert and Maurice during the civil war.  As 
a layman, and nevertheless a theologian and scholar of rare 
ripeness and critical ability, he holds an almost unique 
place in the literature of the period.  The terseness of his 
Whole Booke of Job Paraphrased, or made easy for any to 
understand (1640, 4to), contrasts favourably with the usual 
prolixity of the Puritan expositors and commentators.  His 
Vindiciae Sabbathi (1641, 8vo) had a profound and lasting 
influence in the long Sabbatarian controversy.  His Brief 
Notes upon the Whole Book of Psalms (1651, 4to), as its date 
shows, was posthumous.  He died on the 2nd of February 1648. 

AUTHORITIES--MS.collections at Abbeyville for history of all 
of the name of Abbot, by J. T. Abbot, Esq., F.S.A., Darlington; 
Dugdale's Antiquities of Warwickshire, 1730 p. 1099; Wood's 
Athenae (Bliss), ii.141, 594; Cox's Literature of the Sabbath. 

ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?-1662?), English Puritan divine.  Noted 
as this worthy was in his own time, and representative in 
various ways, he has often since been confounded with others, 
e.g. Robert Abbot, bishop of Salisbury.  He is also wrongly 
described as a relative of Archbishop Abbot, from whom he 
acknowledges very gratefully, in the first of his epistles 
dedicatory of A Hand of Fellowship to Helpe Keepe out Sinne 
and Antichrist (1623, 4to), that he had ``received all'' his 
``worldly maintenance,'' as well as ``best earthly countenance', 
and ``fatherly incouragements.', The worldly maintenance 
was the presentation in 1616 to the vicarage of Cranbrook in 
Kent.  He had received his education at Cambridge, where he 
proceeded M.A., and was afterwards incorporated at Oxford.  In 
1639, in the epistle to the reader of his most noticeable book 
historically, his Triall of our Church-Forsakers, he tells 
us, ``I have lived now, by God's gratious dispensation, above 
fifty years, and in the place of my allotment two and twenty 
full.'' The former date carries us back to 1588-1589, or 
perhaps 1587-1588 ---the ``Armada'' year---as his birth-time; 
the latter to 1616-1617 (ut supra). In his Bee Thankfull 
London and her Sisters (1626), he describes himself as 
formerly ``assistant to a reverend divine . . . now with 
God,'' and the name on the margin is ``Master Haiward of Wool 
Church (Dorset).'' This was doubtless previous to his going to 
Cranbrook.  Very remarkable and effective was Abbot's 
ministry at Cranbrook, where his parishioners were as his 
own ``sons and daughters'' to him.  Yet, Puritan though he 
was, he was extremely and often unfairly antagonistic to 
Nonconformists.  He remained at Cranbrook until 1643, when, 
Parliament deciding against pluralities of ecclesiastical 
offices, he chose the very inferior living of Southwick, 
Hants, as between the one and the other.  He afterwards 
succeeded the ``extruded'' Udall of St Austin's, London, 
where according to the Warning-piece he was still pastor in 
1657.  He disappears silently between 1657-1658 and 1662.  
Robert Abbot's books are conspicuous amongst the productions 
of his time by their terseness and variety.  In addition to 
those mentioned above he wrote Milk for Babes, or a Mother's 
Catechism for her Children (1646), and A Christian Family 
builded by God, or Directions for Governors of Families (1653). 

AUTHORITIES.--.Brook's Puritans, iii. 182, 3; Walker's 
Sufferings, ii. 183; Wood's Athenae (Bliss), i. 323; 
Palmer's Nonconf.  Mem. ii. 218, which confuses him most 
oddly of all with one of the ejected ministers of 1662. 

ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798--1843), English actor, was born in 
Chelsea, and made his first appearance on the stage at Bath 
in 1806, and his first London appearance in 1808.  At Covent 
Garden in 1813, in light comedy and melodrama, he made his 
first decided success.  He Was Pylades to Macready's Orestes 
in Ambrose Philips's Distressed Mother when Macready made 
his first appearance at that theatre (1816).  He created the 
parts of Appius Claudius in Sheridan Knowles's Virginius 
(1820) and of Modus in his Hunchback (1832).  In 1827 he 
organized the company, including Macready and Miss Smithson, 
which acted Shakespeare in Paris.  On his return to London 
he played Romeo to Fanny Kemble's Juliet (1830).  Two of 
Abbot's melodramas, The Youthful Days of Frederick the Great 
(1817) and Swedish Patriotism (1819), were produced at 
Covent Garden.  He died in poverty at Baltimore, Maryland. 

ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac 
abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late 
Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence 
of the Lat. form to abbat, used abternatively till the end 
of the 17th century; Ger. Abt; Fr. abbe), the head and 
chief governor of a community of monks, called also in the 
East hegumenos or archimandrite.  The title had its origin 
in the monasteries of Syria, whence it spread through the 
East, and soon became accepted generally in all languages as 
the designation of the head of a monastery.  At first it was 
employed as a respectful title for any monk, as we learn from St 
Jerome, who denounced the custom on the ground that Christ had 
said, ``Call no man father on earth'' (in Epist. ad Gal. 
iv. 6, in Matt. xxiii. 9), but it was soon restricted to the 
superior.  The name ``abbot,'' though general in the West, 
was never universal.  Among the Dominicans, Carmelites, 
Augustinians, &c., the superior was called Praepositus, 
``provost,'' and Prior; among the Franciscans, Custos, 
``guardian''; and by the monks of Camaldoi, Major. 

In Egypt, the first home of monasticism, the jurisdiction 
of the abbot, or archimandrite, was but loosely defined.  
Sometimes he ruled over only one community, sometimes over 
several, each of which had its own abbot as well.  Cassian 
speaks of an abbot of the Thebaid who had 500 monks under 
him, a number exceeded in other cases.  By the rule of St 
Benedict, which, until the reform of Cluny, was the norm 
in the West, the abbot has jurisdiction over only one 
community.  The rule, as was inevitable, was subject to 
frequent violations; but it was not until the foundation of 
the Cluniac Order that the idea of a supreme abbot, exercising 
jurisdiction over all the houses of an order, was definitely 
recognized.  New styles were devised to express this new 
relation; thus the abbot of Monte Cassino was called abbas 
abbatum, while the chiefs of other orders had the tities 
abbas generails, or magister or minister generalis. 

Monks, as a rule, were laymen, nor at the outset was the abbot 
any exception.  All orders of clergy, therefore, even the 
``doorkeeper,', took precedence of him.  For the reception 
of the sacraments, and for other religious offices, the 
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