Главная · Поиск книг · Поступления книг · Top 40 · Форумы · Ссылки · Читатели

Настройка текста
Перенос строк


    Прохождения игр    
Demon's Souls |#11| Мaneater part 2
Demon's Souls |#10| Мaneater (part 1)
Demon's Souls |#9| Heart of surprises
Demon's Souls |#8| Maiden Astraea

Другие игры...


liveinternet.ru: показано число просмотров за 24 часа, посетителей за 24 часа и за сегодня
Rambler's Top100
Справочники - Различные авторы Весь текст 5859.38 Kb

Project Gutenberg's Encyclopedia, vol. 1 ( A - Andropha

Предыдущая страница Следующая страница
1 ... 8 9 10 11 12 13 14  15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ... 500
long, and is sometimes, as at Llanthony and Christ Church 
(Twynham), shut off from the aisles, or, as at Bolton, Kirkham, 
&c., is destitute of aisles altogether.  The nave in the northern 
houses, not unfrequently, had only a north aisle, as at Bolton, 
Brinkburn and Lanercost.  The arrangement of the monastic 
buildings followed the ordinary type.  The prior's lodge was 
almost invariably attached to the S.W. angle of the nave. 

Bristol Cathedral. 

The annexed plan of the Abbey of St Augustine's at Bristol, 
now the cathedral church of that city, shows the arrangement 
of the buildings, which departs very little from the 
ordinary Benedictine type.  The Austin canons' house at 
Thornton, in Lincolnshire, is remarkable for the size 
and magnificence of its gate-house, the upper floors of 
which formed the guest-house of the establishment, and for 
possessing an octagonal chapter-house of Decorated date. 

Premonstratensians. 

The Premonstratensian regular canons, or White canons, had 
as many as 35 houses in England, of which the most perfect 
remaining are those of Easby.  Yorkshire, and Bayham, Kent.  
The head house of the order in England was Welbeck.  This order 
was a reformed branch of the Austin canons, founded, A.D. 
1119, by Norbert (born at Xanten, on the Lower Rhine, c. 
1080) at Premontre, a secluded marshy valley in the forest 
of Coucy in the diocese of Laon.  The order spread widely.  
Even in the founder's lifetime it possessed houses in Syria and 
Palestine.  It long maintained its rigid austerity, till in 
the course of years wealth impaired its discipline, and its 
members sank into indolence and luxury.  The Premonstratensians 
were brought to England shortly after A.D. 1140, and were 
first settled at Newhouse, in Lincolnshire, near the Humber.  
The ground-plan of Easby Abbey, owing to its situation on the 
edge of the steeply sloping banks of a river, is singularly 
irregular.  The cloister is duly placed on the south side of the 
church, and the chief buildings occupy their usual positions 
round it.  But the cloister garth, as at Chichester, is not 
rectangular, and all the surrounding buildings are thus made 
to sprawl in a very awkward fashion.  The church follows 
the plan adopted by the Austin canons in their northern 
abbeys, and has only one aisle to the nave--that to the 
north; while the choir is long, narrow and aisleless.  Each 
transept has an aisle to the east, forming three chapels. 

The church at Bayham was destitute of aisles either to nave or 
choir.  The latter terminated in a three-sided apse.  This church 
is remarkable for its exceeding narrowness in proportion to its 
length.  Extending in longitudinal dimensions 257 ft., it is 

    FIG. 11.--St Augustine's Abbey, Bristol (Bristol 

 
 A. Church.            H. Kitchen.         S. Friars' lodging.
 B. Great cloister.    I. Kitchen court.   T. King's hall.
 C. Little cloister.   K. Cellars.         V. Guest-house.
 D. Chapter-house.     L. Abbot's hall.    W. Abbey gateway.
 E. Calefactory.       P. Abbot's gateway. X. Barns, stables, &c
 F. Refectory.         R. Infirmary.       Y. Lavatory.
 G. Parlour.
 

not more than 25 ft. broad.  Stern Premonstratensian canons 
wanted no congregations, and cared for no possessions; 
therefore they built their church like a long room. 

Carthusians. 

The Carthusian order, on its establishment by St Bruno, 
about A.D. 1084, developed a greatly modified form and 
arrangement of a monastic institution.  The principle of this 
order, which combined the coenobitic with the solitary life, 
demanded the erection of buildings on a novel plan.  This 
plan, which was first adopted by St Bruno and his twelve 
companions at the original institution at Chartreux, near 
Grenoble, was maintained in all the Carthusian establishments 
throughout Europe, even after the ascetic severity of the order 
had been to some extent relaxed, and the primitive simplicity 
of their buildings had been exchanged for the magnificence 
of decoration which characterizes such foundations as the 
Certosas of Pavia and Florence.  According to the rule of 
St Bruno, all the members of a Carthusian brotherhood lived 
in the most absolute solitude and silence.  Each occupied a 
small detached cottage, standing by itself in a small garden 
surrounded by high walls and connected by a common corridor or 
cloister.  In these cottages or cells a Carthusian monk 
passed his time in the strictest asceticism, only leaving 
his solitary dwelling to attend the services of the Church, 
except on certain days when the brotherhood assembled in the 
refectory.  The peculiarity of the arrangements of a Carthusian 
monastery, or charter-house, as it was called in England, 
from a corruption of the French chartreux, is exhibited 
in the plan of that of Clermont, from Viollet-le-Duc. 

Clermont. 

The whole establishment is surrounded hy a wall, furnished 
at intervals with watch towers (R) . The enclosure is divided 
into two courts, of which the eastern court, surrounded by a 
cloister, from from which the cottages of the monks (I) open, 
is musch the larger.  The two courts are divided by the main 
buildings of the monastery, including the church, the sanctuary 
(A), divided from B, the monks' choir, by a screen with two 
altars, the smaller cloister to the south (S) surrounded by 
the chapter-house (E), the refectory (X)---these buildings 
occupying their normal position--and the chapel of Pontgibaud 
(K). The kitchen with its offices (V) lies behind the 
relectory, accessible ftom the outer court without entering the 
cloister.  To the north of the church, beyond the sacristy 
(L), and the side chapels (M), we find the cell of the sub-prior 
(a), with its garden.  The lodgings of the prior (G) occupy 
the centre of the outer court, immediately in front of the 
west door of the church, and face the gateway of the convent 
(O). A small raised court with a fountain (C) is before 
it.  This outer court also contains the guest-chambers (P), 
the stables and lodgings of the lay brothers (N), the barns 
and granaries (Q), the dovecot (H) and the bakehouse (T). 
At Z is the prison.  In this outer court, in all the earlier 
foundations, as at Witham, there was a smaller church in 
addition to the larger church of the monks.) The outer and 
inner courts are connected by a long passage (F), wide enough 
to admit a cart laden with wood to supply the cells of the 
brethren with fuel.  The number of cells surrounding the great 

                                                A. Church. 
                                                B. Monks' choir.
                                                C. Prior's garden.
                                                D. Great cloister.
                                                E. Chapter-house.
                                                F. Passage.
                                                G. Prior's lodgings.
                                                H. Dovecot.
                                                I. Cells.
                                                K. Chapel of Pontgibaud.
                                                L. Sacristy.
                                                M. Chapel.
                                                N. Stables.
                                                O. Gateway.
                                                P. Guest-chambers.
                                                Q. Barns and granaries.
                                                R. Watch-tower.
                                                S. Little cloister.
                                                T. Bakehouse.
                                                V. Kitchen.
                                                X. Refectory.
                                                Y. Cemetery.
                                                Z. Prison.
                                                a. Cell of subprior
                                                b. Garden of do.
          FIG. 12.--Carthusian monastery of Clermont. 

cloister is 18. They are all arranged on a uniform plan.  
Each little dwelling contains three rooms: a sitting-room 
(C), warmed by a stove in winter; a sleeping-room (D), 
furnished with a bed, a table, a bench, and a bookcase; and 
a closet (E). Between the cell and the cloister gallery (A) 
is a passage or corridor (B), cutting off the inmate of the 
cell from all sound or movement which might interrupt his 
meditations.  The superior had free access to this corridor, and 
through open niches was able to inspect the garden without being 
seen.  At I is the hatch or turn-table, in which the daily 
allowance of food was deposited by a brother appointed for that 
purpose, affording no view either inwards or outwards.  H is the 
garden, cultivated by the occupant of the cell.  At K is the 
wood-house.  F is a covered walk, with the necessary at the end. 


The above arrangements are found with scarcely any variation 
in all the charter-houses of western Europe.  The Yorkshire 
Charter-house of Mount Grace, founded by Thomas Holland, the 
young duke of Surrey, nephew of Richard II. and marshal of 
England, during the revival of the popularity of the order, 
about A.D. 1397, is the most perfect and best preserved English 
example.  It is characterized by all the simplicity of the 
order.  The church is a modest building, long, narrow and 
aisleless.  Within the wall of enclosure are two courts.  
The smaller of the two, the south, presents the usual 
arrangement of church, refectory, &c., opening out of a 
cloister.  The buildings are plain and solid.  The northern 
court contains the cells, 14 in number.  It is surrotmded by a 
double stone wall, the two walls being about 30 ft. or 40 ft. 
apart.  Between these, each in its own garden, stand the cells; 
low-built two-storied cottages, of two or three rooms on the 
ground-floor, lighted by a larger and a smaller window to the 
side, and provided with a doorway to the court, and one at the 
back, opposite to one in the outer wall, through which the 
monk may have conveyed the sweepings of his cell and the refuse 
of his garden to the ``eremus'' beyond.  By the side of the 
door to the court is a little hatch through which the daily 
pittance of food was supplied, so contrived by turning at an 
angle in the wall that no one could either look in or look 
out.  A very perfect example of this hatch---an arrangement 
belonging to all Carthusian houses--exists at Miraflores, near 
Burgos, which remains nearly as it was completed in 1480. 

                                                A. Cloister gallery. 
                                                B. Corridor.
                                                C. Living-room.
                                                D. Sleeping-room.
                                                E. Closets.
                                                F. Covered walk.
                                                G. Necessary.
                                                H. Garden.
                                                I. Hatch.
                                                K. Wood-house.
             FIG. 13--Carthusian cell, Clermont. 

There were only nine Carthusian houses in England.  The 
earliest was that at Witham in Somersetshire, founded 
by Henry II., by whom the order was first brought into 
England.  The wealthiest and most magnificent was that of 
Sheen or Richmond in Surrey, founded by Henry V. about A.D. 
1414.  The, dimensions of the buildings at Sheen are stated 
to have been remarkably large.  The great court measured 
Предыдущая страница Следующая страница
1 ... 8 9 10 11 12 13 14  15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ... 500
Ваша оценка:
Комментарий:
  Подпись:
(Чтобы комментарии всегда подписывались Вашим именем, можете зарегистрироваться в Клубе читателей)
  Сайт:
 
Комментарии (2)

Реклама